Origin of mysterious geothermal gas emissions in the middle of the Western Desert, stable shelf area, Dakhla Oasis, Egypt.

This work responds to what was reported in various audio-visual media channels and to queries and explanations from individuals and local residents on the causes of gaseous and thermal emissions from the Earth near the vicinity of the village of Al-Hindaw in Dakhla city, New Valley Governorate, Egypt. At the location of the fume exit area, magnetic, seismic, and electromagnetic geophysical investigations were carried out to identify the factor(s) responsible for the event in question. Rock samples were collected and studied geochemically and radiographically to assess their chemical compositions, as well as the quantity of organic chemicals that may have contributed to the burning and temperature increase. In light of the results of the geochemical and geophysical research, it is believed that the self-ignitions are the result of near-surface reactions and oxidation instead of volcanic activity, such as the presence of magma or other comparable phenomena.

Investigation of near-surface chemical explosions effects using seismo-acoustic and synthetic aperture radar analyses.

Chemical explosions are ground truth events that provide data, which, in turn, can enhance the understanding of wave propagation, damage assessment, and yield estimation. On 4 August 2020, Beirut, Lebanon was shocked by a catastrophic explosion, which caused devastating damage to the Mediterranean city. A second strong chemical explosion took place at the Xiangshui, China chemical plant on 21 March 2019. Both events generated shock waves that transitioned to infrasound waves, seismic waves, as well as hydroacoustic signals with accompanying T-phases in the case of the Beirut event. In this work, the seismo-acoustic signatures, yields, and associated damage of the two events are investigated. The differentiainterferometry synthetic aperture radar analysis quantified the surface damage and the estimated yield range, equivalent to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene [C7H5(NO2)3] (TNT), through a "boom" relation of the peak overpressure was evaluated. Infrasound propagation modeling identified a strong duct in the stratosphere with the propagation to the west in the case of the Beirut-Port explosion. In the case of the Xiangshui explosion, the modeling supports the tropospheric propagation toward the Kochi University of Technology (KUT) sensor network in Japan. Although the Beirut yield (202-270 ± 100 tons) was slightly larger than the Xiangshui yield (201 ± 83.5 tons), the near-source damage areas are almost the same based on the distribution of damaged buildings surrounding the explosions.

Comparative study between benzydamine hydrochloride gel, lidocaine 5% gel and lidocaine 10% spray on endotracheal tube cuff as regards postoperative sore throat / Estudo comparativo entre cloridrato de benzidamina em gel, lidocaína a 5% em gel e lidocaína a 10% em spray no balonete do tubo endotraqueal em relação à dor de garganta pós-operatória

ABSTRACT Postoperative sore throat is a common complication after endotracheal intubation. After tracheal intubation, the incidence of sore throat varies from 14.4% to 50%. The aim of the study was to compare between benzydamine hydrochloride gel, lidocaine 5% gel and lidocaine 10% spray on the endotracheal tube cuff as regards postoperative sore throat. The present study was carried out on 124 patients admitted to Alexandria university hospitals for lumbar fixation surgery requiring general anesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated into 4 groups. Benzydamine hydrochloride gel, 5% lidocaine hydrochloride gel, 10% lidocaine hydrochloride spray, or normal saline were applied on endotracheal tube cuffs before endotracheal intubation. The patients were examined for sore throat (none, mild, moderate, or severe) at 0, 1, 6, 12, and 24 h after extubation. The results were collected, analyzed and presented in table and figure. The highest incidence of postoperative sore throat occurred at 6 h after extubation in all groups. There was a significantly lower incidence of postoperative sore throat in the benzydamine group than 5% lidocaine gel, 10% lidocaine spray, and normal saline groups. The benzydamine group had significantly decreased severity of postoperative sore throat compared with the 10% lidocaine, 5% lidocaine, and normal saline groups at observation time point. Compared with the 5% lidocaine the 10% lidocaine group had significantly increased incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat after extubation. Compared with normal saline the 10% lidocaine group had increased incidence of postoperative sore throat. There were no significant differences among groups in local or systemic side effects. So in conclusion, benzydamine hydrochloride gel on the endotracheal tube cuff is a simple and effective method to reduce the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat. Application of 10% lidocaine spray should be avoided because of worsening of postoperative sore throat where incidence increased but not the severity in relation to 5% lidocaine gel. Applying 5% lidocaine on the endotracheal tube cuff does not prevent postoperative sore throat but its application is better than lidocaine 10% spray or saline.

RESUMO A dor de garganta pós-operatória (DGPO) é uma complicação comum após a intubação traqueal. Em seguida a esse procedimento, a incidência de dor de garganta varia de 14,4 a 50%. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os efeitos da aplicação de cloridrato de benzidamina em gel, lidocaína a 5% em gel e lidocaína a 10% em spray no balonete do tubo endotraqueal, no que diz respeito à dor de garganta pós-operatória. O presente estudo foi feito com 124 pacientes internados em hospitais universitários de Alexandria para cirurgia de fixação lombar que necessitavam de anestesia geral. Os pacientes foram aleatoriamente alocados em quatro grupos. Procedeu-se à aplicação de cloridrato de benzidamina em gel, cloridrato de lidocaína a 5% em gel, cloridrato de lidocaína a 10% em spray ou salina normal nos balonetes do TET antes da intubação endotraqueal. Os pacientes foram examinados para dor de garganta (nenhuma, leve, moderada ou intensa) a 0, uma, seis, 12 e 24 horas após a extubação. Os resultados foram coletados, analisados e apresentados em tabelas e figuras. A maior incidência de DGPO ocorreu seis horas após a extubação em todos os grupos. Houve incidência significativamente menor de DGPO no grupo de benzidamina versus grupos de lidocaína a 5% em gel, lidocaína a 10% em spray e salina normal. O grupo tratado com benzidamina exibiu redução significativa na intensidade da DGPO, em comparação com os grupos de lidocaína a 10%, lidocaína a 5% e salina normal no ponto no tempo de observação. Em comparação com lidocaína a 5%, o grupo tratado com lidocaína a 10% exibiu incidência e intensidade significativamente aumentadas na DGPO após a extubação. Em comparação com salina normal, o grupo tratado com lidocaína a 10% exibiu maior incidência de DGPO. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre grupos quanto a efeitos colaterais locais ou sistêmicos. Assim, em conclusão, o uso de cloridrato de benzidamina em gel no balonete do TET é um método simples e eficaz para reduzir a incidência e a gravidade da DGPO. Deve-se evitar a aplicação de lidocaína a 10% em spray, devido ao agravamento da DGPO, visto ter ocorrido aumento na incidência, mas não na severidade, em relação à lidocaína a 5% em gel. A aplicação de lidocaína a 5% no balonete do TET não impede a ocorrência da DGPO, mas a sua aplicação oferece melhores resultados do que lidocaína a 10% em spray, ou solução salina.

Comparative study between benzydamine hydrochloride gel, lidocaine 5% gel and lidocaine 10% spray on endotracheal tube cuff as regards postoperative sore throat.

Postoperative sore throat is a common complication after endotracheal intubation. After tracheal intubation, the incidence of sore throat varies from 14.4% to 50%. The aim of the study was to compare between benzydamine hydrochloride gel, lidocaine 5% gel and lidocaine 10% spray on the endotracheal tube cuff as regards postoperative sore throat. The present study was carried out on 124 patients admitted to Alexandria university hospitals for lumbar fixation surgery requiring general anesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated into 4 groups. Benzydamine hydrochloride gel, 5% lidocaine hydrochloride gel, 10% lidocaine hydrochloride spray, or normal saline were applied on endotracheal tube cuffs before endotracheal intubation. The patients were examined for sore throat (none, mild, moderate, or severe) at 0, 1, 6, 12, and 24h after extubation. The results were collected, analyzed and presented in table and figure. The highest incidence of postoperative sore throat occurred at 6h after extubation in all groups. There was a significantly lower incidence of postoperative sore throat in the benzydamine group than 5% lidocaine gel, 10% lidocaine spray, and normal saline groups. The benzydamine group had significantly decreased severity of postoperative sore throat compared with the 10% lidocaine, 5% lidocaine, and normal saline groups at observation time point. Compared with the 5% lidocaine the 10% lidocaine group had significantly increased incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat after extubation. Compared with normal saline the 10% lidocaine group had increased incidence of postoperative sore throat. There were no significant differences among groups in local or systemic side effects. So in conclusion, benzydamine hydrochloride gel on the endotracheal tube cuff is a simple and effective method to reduce the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat. Application of 10% lidocaine spray should be avoided because of worsening of postoperative sore throat where incidence increased but not the severity in relation to 5% lidocaine gel. Applying 5% lidocaine on the endotracheal tube cuff does not prevent postoperative sore throat but its application is better than lidocaine 10% spray or saline.

[Comparative study between benzydamine hydrochloride gel, lidocaine 5% gel and lidocaine 10% spray on endotracheal tube cuff as regards postoperative sore throat]. / Estudo comparativo entre cloridrato de benzidamina em gel, lidocaína a 5% em gel e lidocaína a 10% em spray no balonete do tubo endotraqueal em relação à dor de garganta pós-operatória.

Postoperative sore throat is a common complication after endotracheal intubation. After tracheal intubation, the incidence of sore throat varies from 14.4% to 50%. The aim of the study was to compare between benzydamine hydrochloride gel, lidocaine 5% gel and lidocaine 10% spray on the endotracheal tube cuff as regards postoperative sore throat. The present study was carried out on 124 patients admitted to Alexandria university hospitals for lumbar fixation surgery requiring general anesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated into 4 groups. Benzydamine hydrochloride gel, 5% lidocaine hydrochloride gel, 10% lidocaine hydrochloride spray, or normal saline were applied on endotracheal tube cuffs before endotracheal intubation. The patients were examined for sore throat (none, mild, moderate, or severe) at 0, 1, 6, 12, and 24h after extubation. The results were collected, analyzed and presented in table and figure. The highest incidence of postoperative sore throat occurred at 6h after extubation in all groups. There was a significantly lower incidence of postoperative sore throat in the benzydamine group than 5% lidocaine gel, 10% lidocaine spray, and normal saline groups. The benzydamine group had significantly decreased severity of postoperative sore throat compared with the 10% lidocaine, 5% lidocaine, and normal saline groups at observation time point. Compared with the 5% lidocaine the 10% lidocaine group had significantly increased incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat after extubation. Compared with normal saline the 10% lidocaine group had increased incidence of postoperative sore throat. There were no significant differences among groups in local or systemic side effects. So in conclusion, benzydamine hydrochloride gel on the endotracheal tube cuff is a simple and effective method to reduce the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat. Application of 10% lidocaine spray should be avoided because of worsening of postoperative sore throat where incidence increased but not the severity in relation to 5% lidocaine gel. Applying 5% lidocaine on the endotracheal tube cuff does not prevent postoperative sore throat but its application is better than lidocaine 10% spray or saline.